The 26 July killing of a Catholic priest in his church in St. Etienne
du Rouvray, France, once again has pushed jihadist violence into the
headlines. The so-called Islamic State claimed responsibility for the
murder, committed by two knife-wielding attackers who were shot and
killed by police.
What pushed the story onto Europe’s front pages was its location –
France, which, since the January 2015 mass shooting at the Charlie Hebdo
magazine office in Paris, has suffered nearly 240 deaths in more than
10 attacks by people claiming allegiance to IS. Though Christians, of
course, are among the victims of those attacks, the 26 July murder of
Rev. Jacques Hamel as he celebrated mass was the first to target
Christians specifically, in a church.
“This tragic attack, so close to home and following other recent
horrors, is another example of the persecution we see all too often in
countries around the world,” said a statement released 26 July by Open
Doors UK, the British arm of Open Doors, a global ministry that supports
Christians who live under pressure because of their faith.
Open Doors International - in its World Watch List 2016 - documented
reports of more than 7,000 Christians killed and more than 2,400
churches attacked globally in a single year alone – the 12-month period
ending 31 October 2015. Here are examples of just a few of the times and
places - in Africa alone - where Christians have been specifically
targeted.
NIGERIA
Recent weeks and months have seen an upsurge of attacks targeting
Christians and Church leaders in Africa’s most populous country.
• 18 July, suspected Fulani herders attacked and killed the traditional ruler
of the Ron/Kulere tribe (in the Bokkos Local Government Area) in
Nigeria’s central Plateau State. Sir Lazarus Agai, a Christian, was
attacked on his way home from his farm. He is the third Christian
district-head killed by Fulani herders this year.
• 9 July, a female preacher was hacked to death
near Nigeria’s capital, Abuja. Eunice Elisha, 42, and a mother of
seven, had gone out to preach as was usual, but her lifeless body was
later found by the police.
• 30 June in the town of Obi, in the central state of Nasarawa: father
of seven, Rev. Joseph Kurah, was ambushed by two armed men after he
arrived at his farm. His severely mutilated body was later recovered
from the scene. Ethnic Fulani herdsmen are suspected in the killing.
Other killings and acts of violence have been reported.
• 8 June in Kaduna state, Francis Emmanuel, a 41-year-old carpenter,
was waiting for food when a gang of six Muslim youths stabbed him. It
was Ramadan, and he was not fasting.
• 2 June, Bridget Agbahime, 74, wife of Mike Agbahime, pastor of Deeper
Life Bible Church in Kano, was ambushed by angry mob for allegedly
blaspheming against Islam’s prophet. In June, at least 133 people were
killed in recent attacks by ethnic Fulani in Logo and Ukum areas of
Benue state in central Nigeria. More than 76 churches were ransacked and
burned.
• 30 May in Niger state: Methodus Chimaije Emmanuel, 24, was attacked
and killed by a mob, after allegedly posting a blasphemous statement
about Muhammad on social media. Three other people, including a police
officer, lost their lives as a result of violence that followed the
killing. A church and a house were burnt down and 25 shops were looted.
Incidents targeting Christians are the result of growing intolerance
and radicalism among Nigerian society, said Atta Barkindo, a researcher
and doctoral candidate at the London School of Oriental and African
Studies. For a very long time, the focus has been on the Islamist Boko
Haram insurgency in Nigeria’s north-east, Bakindo said. But apart from
Boko Haram, there are a number of extremist Islamic groups, who recruit
from a large pool of uneducated young people migrating toward central
Nigeria from the northern cities of Kano and Sokoto, and they operate
with little fear of punishment.
KENYA
This East African country has witnessed a growing radical Islam which
has resulted in violent attacks against Christians, notably along its
border with Somalia where the radical Islamist group Al Shabaab is
active.
• 1 July, a pastor was among six killed when gunmen attacked two buses
in Kenya’s north-eastern region of Mandera, near the Somalia border.
Pastor John Njaramba Kiruga, was returning home from facilitating a
training on pursuing peace between Christian and Muslims in Garissa and
Mandera, a volatile region where attacks by Al Shabaab are frequent.
• In March 2015, on the eve of Easter, 149 mainly Christian students
were killed when a University in Garissa was attacked by a number of
Islamist extremists. The attackers went from room to room, and those who
could not affirm the Muslim ‘Shehada’ were killed; others were spared.
EGYPT
Egypt’s Christians, more than 10 per cent of the population, have faced
serious violence since May 2016, including a priest killed, angry mob
attacks in Minya and Alexandria, which destroyed homes and displaced
families. Reflecting what most Copts see as the country turning a blind
eye to increased violence against its Christian minority, the Coptic
Church’s Bishop Makarius tweeted on 17 July "reminding" president
Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi that Copts "are Egyptian citizens", and that his
diocese of Minya "falls within the country’s jurisdiction".
• 17 July, an assault at Egypt priest’s home kills 1 and injures 3,
said a statement by the Diocese of Minya, 240km south of Cairo. "The
family of two priests of Minya were subject to assault involving clubs
and knives," said the statement about the attack, which took place on
Sunday evening (17 July) in the village of Tahna el-Gabal. A 27-year-old
man was killed in the assault "due to a stab to the heart", while two
more were seriously injured: the priest’s father and a brother of the
second priest.
• 30 June, a Coptic Orthodox priest was shot dead
in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula by Islamist militants. Fr. Raphael Moussa,
46, was shot four times in the head from a passing taxi as he stood next
to his car in Arish, the capital of northern Sinai. The priest was
returning home from leading mass at the Mar Girguis (St. George) Church.
Moussa is the second priest in Arish to have been assassinated by the
jihadists. Fr. Mina Aboud Sharubim was shot dead in July 2013, just
three days after Islamist President Mohamed Morsi was toppled by the
Egyptian military.
NIGER
In the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris, the churches in
the predominantly-Muslim West African nation of Niger experienced the
worst attacks in their history. On the weekend of 16-17 January 2015,
hundreds of angry Islamists attacked and ransacked dozens of properties
and churches, shouting “Allahu Akbar” (“Allah is the greatest”).
Ten people lost their lives during that weekend; more than 70 churches
were destroyed, as well as numerous Christian schools and organisations,
including two orphanages. At least 30 Christian homes were also looted
and burnt down.
The motive of the violence was said to be anger at the presence of
Niger President in Paris in what was perceived to be support for an
anti-religious magazine. The “memorial” issue of Charlie Hebdo, showing
the Prophet Mohammad weeping, reinforced this anger and triggered the
protests, which quickly turned into anti-Christian violence.
The violence was the expression of a growing intolerance in Niger society, aggravated by the rise of Islamism, noted analysts.
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
While attention has been focused on Nigeria’s radical Islamist group
Boko Haram, a relatively unknown militant group has intensified attacks
in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), raising fears of the
emergence of a new jihadist organisation in central Africa.
A group of militants originally rooted in a rebel movement to overthrow
Uganda’s government and replace it with an Islamist fundamentalist
state, but forced to re-locate over the border into DRC, has been
carrying out murders of local people, far from the attention of most of
the world’s major media. Attacks including murder, looting, abduction
and rape are carried out on an almost weekly basis.
• 16 October, 2014, one attack decimated an entire community, including
Pastor Kanyamanda Jean Kambale, his wife Odette and two of their
children.
• 19 October, 2012, three Catholic Assumptionist priests, P.
Jean-Pierre Ndulani, Edmond Kisughu and Anselm Wasukundi, were kidnapped
from their home in the town of Mbau, in Beni. Local journalists
reported that they were taken by an armed militia. According to local
newspaper Les Coulisses, and Radio Kivu 1, they were killed a year later
because they refused to convert to Islam, but there is no proof of
this, and their whereabouts remains unknown.
SUDAN
Christians in Sudan live beneath a blanket of fear since South Sudan
seceded on July 9, 2011. After the South voted for independence from the
predominantly Islamic North, pressures on churches and Christians have
increased, with Muslim groups threatening to destroy churches, kill
Christians and purge the country of Christianity.
As a result there has been a marked increase in harassment of ethnic
Christian groups and individuals. Authorities have shut down Christian
educational institutes and harassed and arrested employees and church
members.
Five months since his initial detention, Sudan’s intelligence agency
has re-arrested a local pastor. Rev. Kuwa Shamal joins at least two more
Christian leaders in prison, awaiting charges that could carry the
death penalty. He was re-arrested on May 24 by members of the National
Intelligence and Security Services (NISS) in Khartoum, reported
Christian advocacy group Middle East Concern (MEC). Together with fellow
Sudan Church of Christ (SCC) pastor Hassan Abduraheem Taour and a
Christian convert from Darfur identified as Abdulmonem Abdumawla Issa
Abdumawla, the newly jailed pastor is expected to face serious charges
including espionage and undermining state security.
Rev. Shamal, who is the SCC head of missions, was first detained for
three days on 18 Dec. He later had to report daily to the NISS for
several hours and for no obvious reason – a routine lifted in
mid-January but re-imposed a month later.
Both Shamal and Taour are from the Nuba people group, native to the
border region with the now independent South Sudan - and among the
groups resisting ethnic and religious rule from Khartoum’s Arab Islamist
regime.
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Beset by a three-year crisis from December 2012, when a coalition of
Muslim-dominated rebel groups, called Séléka moved through the country
to eventually take power in March 2013. Christians paid a heavy price in
that conflict, with dozens of clerics killed and an undetermined number
of properties, including churches, defaced and ransacked – mostly by
Séléka rebels.
The violence targeting Christians led church leaders to denounce a
“rebellion characterised by religious extremism, by evil intentions for
the programmed and planned desecration and destruction of Christian
buildings, and in particular Catholic and Protestant churches”.
As Séléka’s influence waned, following the resignation of their leader,
and the rebels retreated to the north, local Muslims, perceived as
accomplices of Séléka, faced attacks by self-defence militias known as
anti-Balaka (“anti-machete”). The confrontation between Séléka and
Anti-Balaka created a cycle of reprisals.
• September 2015: one of the top three religious leaders, who won
global recognition for his efforts to end the conflict, escaped an
assassination attempt. The President of CAR’s Evangelical Alliance, Rev. Nicolas Guerekoyame-Gbangou, was targeted in an attack
apparently triggered by the death of a young Muslim motorbike taxi
driver. On 26 September, angry Muslim youths armed with automatic
weapons and machetes, entered the Elim Church compound, where his house
was, asking for him. But they learned that he had already left the
house. The assailants killed two people before leaving.
• January 2015: Two aid workers (including a cleric) kidnapped at
gunpoint on Jan. 19. Claudia Priest and Rev. Gustave were released on
Jan 23.
• October 2014: a Polish priest was abducted by members of a rebel
group called the Democratic Front of the Central African People, in the
extreme west of the country, near the Cameroon border. Rev. Mateusz
Dziedzic, of the diocese of Tarnow, in Baboua, was released weeks later.
• September 2014: two pastors were among 100s killed by rebels. Pastors
Thomas Ouanam, 60, and Pierre Bapteme, 46, were killed in two separate
attacks nearly a week apart, attributed to Seleka rebels.
• February 2014: Pastor and son killed. Rev. Pierre-Séverin Kongbo, 52,
his son Dieubéni were killed on Jan. 28 by former members of the
disbanded Séléka group in the Bégoua church compound in northern Bangui,
the capital.
• December 2013: three pastors were among those killed in Bangui, the
capital. Raymond Doui, 46, Elisha Zama, 33, and Jean-Louis Makamba, 48,
were killed on Dec. 5 as members of the disbanded Séléka rebel forces
went on a rampage following an offensive by Christian-dominated
anti-Balaka militias.
Courtesy: World Watch Monitor
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